Definition of Perfect Aspect of a Verb

Development Of The Prison System - 3366 Words

Development of the prison system This essay will critique on the factors that lead to the shaping and creation of prisons during the period 1800-1914. I will aim to not only introduce the key factors associated to the shaping and creation of prisons, but also to engage in sociological theorisation and historical analysis. Prison is just one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit criminal offences. Imprisonment today is the harshest sanction available, but this has not always been the case historically. The most primitive use of imprisonment include prisons dating from the ninth century ; by the thirteenth century a network of county gaols was established . These early prison in existence at the time were vastly small in size and population, containing defendants awaiting trial for punishment for crime. Prisons were owned privately by local lords who made money from selling services to prisoners, as means of profit by charging them for food and accommodation. Prisons were permeable and loosely regulated as a result it was believed that prisons in their own right; were not a consistent method of punishment. Instead, governments imprisoned people who were awaiting trial or punishment whereupon they would receive the more common capital or corporal types o f punishment. The authorities punished most offenders in public in order to discourage people from breaking the law; Prisoners held in these prisons suffered the risk ofShow MoreRelatedPurpose and History Paper783 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Major * * * Prison development dates all the way back to the early Roman times and even then there were forms of punishment for criminals. In today’s society we have come a long way from the Roman times with the way prisons are ran and punishments are enforced. With this development, there are two types of prison systems – Pennsylvania and Auburn. These systems have helped form the prison system today and the impact and involvement of prison labor over time. History of Punishment Read MoreThe Effects Of Punishment And The History Of Prison Development1013 Words   |  5 Pagesof the correction system is necessary to recognize though we are trying to comprehend where the system stands today. The correction system today has appears to came long way from where it was countless years ago. This paper is going to discuss the history of punishment and the history of prison development. It will also discuss the Pennsylvania system and the Auburn system and how they compare. The final topic that will be discussed will be the impact and the involvement of prison labor overtime. Read MoreThe Get-Tough Effectiveness Of Juvenile Recidivism. The1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthe history and the purpose the juvenile system. We will also examine the history and effectiveness of the Get- tough Law on juvenile recidivism, followed with the overall conclusion of the research. The Juvenile justice system has undergone many changes since its establishment in the 1890s. These changes were implemented by the desire to have a justice system which is sensitive and responsive to the needs of minors.† Moreover, the juvenile justice system focused on the dynamic behavioral and environmentalRead MorePenitentiary Ideal and the American Prisons1292 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Penitentiary Ideal and the American Prisons: Prisons have developed to become famous institutions in the modern society to an extent that its difficult to remember that these institutions have a history of slightly over two centuries. Prisons emerged in Europe first before the United States as a product of the dual transformation that established the basis for contemporary capitalism. The institutions are famous because they are an integral part of the criminal justice system that house condemned and convictedRead MoreCorrections Trends Evaluation Paper1552 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States reflecting society’s values and ideals throughout the centuries. In the criminal justice system, corrections exist in more than one form. Not only do corrections refer to jails and prison systems but they also pertain to community-based programs, such as probation, parole, halfway houses, and treatment facilities. Past, present, and future trends in regard to the development and operation of institutional and community-based co rrections vary between states but corrections have grownRead MoreCorrections Timeline Essay890 Words   |  4 Pagestimeline This essay is going to show the development with four eras of the correctional system. The four eras that will be discussed with be: 1800, 1960, 1980 and 2000. For each era we will go over the description of the holding or monitoring of the offenders, the treatment and punishment of the offenders and the influences of the particular era on today’s correctional system. The conclusion will discuss the most beneficial era to the correctional system, as well as, recommendations for ways in whichRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 PagesPennsylvania Quakers in the development of the use of prisons in the United States. 6. Specify the operations of the Walnut Street Jail as the first American prison. 7. Compare the Pennsylvania System with the Auburn System of imprisonment. 8. Explain how the Irish Penal System contributed to the development of the Reformatory Era of prison operations in the United States. 9. List the Acts of Congress and describe their impact on the end to the Industrial Era of prison operations. 10.Read MoreAims and Development of the Penal System Within the Uk over the Past 200 Years.1244 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss the aims and development of the penal system within the UK over the last 200 years. In this essay I will be looking at the key developments of the British penal system since the early nineteenth century. I will also discuss how the main objectives of the prison system have changed over this period of time. The earliest origins of imprisonment was the use of holding defendants prior to trial and dates back to the 9th century. This early form of incarceration was not designed as a formRead MoreTypes Of Diversion Programs Currently Used821 Words   |  4 Pageswhich requires those offenders to compete certain amount of hours in domestic violence and anger management classes. Additionally, there is a mental health diversion for those who have mental health issues and diverts them from the criminal justice system to appropriate mental health care/treatment. 2. List five purposes of the presentence investigation. Probation officers complete a presentence investigation and submit a presentence report to the court; this report assists judges in making decisionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela Y Davis s The Black Panther Party1384 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the mass mobilization of the sixties that radically transformed society, a huge pushback as a response to political liberation was the privatization of prisons which allowed corporations to set motives that increase the prison population, and normalize imprisonment as a way to solve social problems. For Instance, the Black Panther Party was a radical organization that challenged the status quo and a major response to pushback the work they were doing was to criminalize their behavior, in order

Law at the Vanishing Point

Question: Describe about the Law at the vanishing point? Answer: Here the mentioned statement is descriptive in nature as it is mentioned in the referred text book that the business of the Plasma International was going good and smooth as well as it was very much profitable as the organization used to buy the blood at a rate of 15 cents per pint and it was used to put on sell by them to the United State and South America at the rate of $25 per pint. It enabled the company to earn a huge amount of profit by selling bloods; they sold around ten thousand pints at a total price of $25000. The mentioned in the question is impliedly described in the referred context, in this purview, commercialism in blood marketing is not new in United State, there blood used to be sold and purchased. It not only demoralizes the voluntary blood donors but it also affects the medical field of the nation as it takes place in the mind of the donors that others are selling the same what they are donating . In the countries like Britain, New Zealand, Australia, blood are not a commodity which may be put on for sale, the blood banks of those countries are completely depended upon the voluntary blood donors. The mentioned statement is normative in nature as the entire article criticized the commercialism of blood, which is considered an inhuman business that a organization used to buy blood at a very cheap rate and sells them in a very high rate, it causes damage to the medical system of the country and it also deprives the persons who actually need blood for saving their life. Commercialism of blood discourages the volunteer blood donors, as it should not be a business with life of living human beings. The mentioned statement can be considered as a normative nature of statement, as Dr. Arthur has enlighten some points relating to the commercialism of body parts of human beings, it involves great ethical demoralization. Body parts like kidney or blood or any other organ should be provided for the purpose of saving the life of a person, these body organs are not to be considered as a general commodity with a cash value. As a person sale his organ against some amount of money but the organ may not be used for any actual needed person who may be financially not very sound. Organs of the human body must be donated with the free consent of the donor voluntarily with an object of saving the life of any dyeing person, it should not be given for money or any other consideration by way of cash or kind. B. As per the context, in selling of body organs like blood, kidney or any other part, the concept of ethical egoism comes into force, as the concept signifies that the moral agents should do in favor of their interest and the interest of the large (RabateÃÅ' , 2001). Here the person selling their blood and other organs along with the organization that are purchasing such organs by giving a little amount of money and earning a huge amount of money, neither of them are thinking about the interest of the human behavior or the welfare of the human beings (Hills, 2010). The rule of utilitarianism concerns about the rightness or wrongfulness of an action relating to interest of the large. In this regard it can be said that the prescribed rule is not being followed in the business of selling and purchasing human blood along with other body organs (Scarre, 2002). It is ethically shameful for the society that where a person is fighting with death for blood the same is put on for sale for some amount of money which may be utilized for satisfying their addiction (Bykvist, 2009). In this doctrine it is mentioned that rule imposes obligation upon the human beings. It deals with a position from where it can judge the morality of an act. In the business of human organs there is no ethics at all, they all are busy in earning money, and they dont even think that these organs are necessary for saving the life of a human being. Regardless, they are conducting their inhuman way of earning profits (Tichy and McGill, 2003). According to my opinion, the process used in Britain, Australia and New Zealand is much better from the procedure of USA as far as blood collection system is concern. Not only moral perspective but also in a general form, blood is not a commodity that can be produced by any company, it is a natural blessing to us. Blood and other body organs are very essential in saving the life of a person, it should not put into a business for an aim of earning money, which is done in USA, but in other mentioned countries these is not a business, where the blood banks of these countries are mainly depended upon the volunteer donor, they neither have to buy bloods nor have to put them on for sale like a general commodity (Mordini and Green, 2009). From ethical point of view it can be said that business are used to be done with general commodities not with the life of the leaving creatures of the society. Selling and purchasing blood is inhuman activity (White, 2005). Apart from that in USA Plasma International purchasing the bloods by taking advantage of the addicted and poor people, they even provide a minimum considerable portion to them from whom they buying the blood that are going to be sold by them more than 100 times price. Businesses of human organs are unethical but here the Plasma International Company crossed all the levels of ethics as they are not only doing inhuman business but they are also doing it in a inhuman way. It is nothing but taking advantage of the poor and helpless people by infringing their basic right to life (Fichtelberg, 2008). References Bykvist, K. (2009).Utilitarianism. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Fichtelberg, A. (2008).Law at the vanishing point. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Hills, A. (2010).The beloved self. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mordini, E. and Green, M. (2009).Identity, security and democracy. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press. RabateÃÅ' , J. (2001).James Joyce and the politics of egoism. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Scarre, G. (2002).Utilitarianism. London: Routledge. Tichy, N. and McGill, A. (2003).The ethical challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. White, M. (2005).From a philosophical point of view. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Regulation And Reform Of Euthanasia Essays - Euthanasia,

Regulation And Reform Of Euthanasia Regulation and Reform of Euthanasia Throughout the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have greatly enhanced the life expectancy of the average person. However, there are many instances where doctors can preserve life artificially. In these cases, where the patient suffers from a terminal disease or remains in a persistent vegetative state (PVS), the question becomes whether to prolong their life even though it may consist of pain and suffering. One of the landmark cases that involve euthanasia is that of Karen Ann Quinlan. Quinlan, a twenty-one year old New Jersey resident, overdosed on pills and alcohol in 1975. She was rushed to the hospital where her physical condition gradually deteriorated to a vegetative state. The doctors determined she had no chance of recovery. Karen's parents requested she be removed from the respirator. The hospital denied their request. The Quinlans then directed their request to the court. The superior court denied their request. They took their request to the new Jersey Supreme court where the decision was reversed. Karen was removed from the respirator. To everyone's surprise, Karen began breathing on her own and was transferred to a nursing home, where she remained in a coma, fed through tubes, until she died in July 1985, ten years later (Humphry and Wickett, 108). The Quinlan case brought to the forefront patients' desire to die a proud, quiet death and the complications caused by the advancement of medical technology to prolong life. Individuals should have the right to die with dignity in the event of a terminal illness if he or she wants to. Those who oppose legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide say that this could lead to voluntary killing of the aged and infirm. I agree that there may be danger of abuse of euthanasia; therefore, I support passing legislation that monitors and regulates physician assisted suicide. In order to clarify my position, I will first distinguish between passive and active euthanasia and their implications. In addition, I will examine the legal issues behind the Quinlan case and other similar cases. Finally, I will propose the argument that with proper legislation, physician assisted suicide is often a more favorable alternative to allowing patients to suffer needlessly. O. Ruth Russell defines active or positive euthanasia as a positive merciful act taken deliberately to end futile suffering or a meaningless existence...where death is induced either by direct action to terminate life or by indirect action such as in giving drugs in amounts that will clearly hasten death (19). Active euthanasia is illegal in most states. Passive or negative euthanasia means discontinuing or desisting from the use of extraordinary life-sustaining measures or heroic efforts to prolong life in hopeless cases when such prolongation seems an unwarranted extension of either suffering or unconsciousness (Russell, 20). There are several different views associated with active and passive euthanasia. While some doctors and patients may accept passive euthanasia, many reject active euthanasia. Robert G. Twycross strongly disagrees with the practice of euthanasia, especially active euthanasia in Where There Is Hope, There Is Life: A View From the Hospice. Twycross uses cancer patients as an example and asserts that often patients opt for euthanasia because initially they do not feel the relieves of medication being and their pain is used as a channel of mental anguish (162). Therefore, unable to stand the intolerable pain, patients feel that euthanasia is the best way out. However, Twycross argues that compared with patients and physically fit people, doctors have been noted to express a greater fear of death, more rejection of personnel death and significantly more negative death imagery (159). Twycross' argument adds a whole new dimension to the euthanasia argument. If in fact doctors are reluctant t o accept euthanasia in their practice, they may discourage their patients from opting for it. Several complications arise at this point. Even if euthanasia is legalized, will doctors accept the new treatment and will patients be able to go to any doctor before worrying about whether or not the doctor will accept euthanasia when the time comes? The doctor-patient relationship and the ethical connotations of euthanasia are really important to my argument too. Dr. Malcolm C. Todd, president-elect of the American Medical

Prader-Willi Syndrome an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Prader-Willi Syndrome by Expert BrilliantEssays | 23 Dec 2016 The following compilation is a description of Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome, two neurodevelopmental conditions, which will be examined, and through questioning, the search for evidence for a possible distinction between the two disorders. Samples of case studies, evolving around the inquiry of the ratio of male v. female diagnosis, will assist in creating a summary, and final report in the quest for the solution of how children affected by these two syndromes can be assisted with daily functions, such as education, will temporarily close this document but persist in being a corner stone in the continued research of Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome. Need essay sample on "Prader-Willi Syndrome" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed What is Prader-Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome? Though the two disorders share symptoms, and distinguishable physical features, and are considered disorders resulting from the same affected chromosome region, 15q11-q13, according to the research results found at the Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, based in Okayama, Japan; PWS (Prader-Willi Syndrome) results from the loss of expression of paternally expressed genes and AS (Angelman Syndrome) of maternally based genes (Ninomiya, Yokoyama, Kawakami, Une, Maruyama & Morishima, 541). Undergraduates Frequently Tell EssayLab support: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Ask Us To Write My Paper And Get Professional Help Original Essays For Sale Paper Writers For Hire Pay to Get Assignments Done Essay Writer Service Are there shared symptoms between PWS and AS? According to research outcomes cataloged at the Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital in Taiwan, Phenotypes typically include severe to profound psychomotor retardation, abnormal EEG, infantile spasm/epilepsy, hypotonia, behavioral problems, and only mild dysmorphic features; a number of features common to PW or AS were.such as.small hands and feet.hyperextensible joints, seizure, language impairment, and strabismus (Hou & Wang, 126). Case study examples of paternal/maternal inheritance The following information is a compilation of research findings cataloged in the February 2005 issue of the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, based upon clinical studies conducted in UK, and companioned by results achieved through the department of pediatrics at the Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry based in Okayama, Japan; their clinical studies were addressed in Pediatrics International (2005). The research conducted and compiled in UK directly focuses upon paternal inheritance of PWS/AS, in which the patient (a five year old female), the parents, two siblings, and a paternal uncle were also tested for similar traits, to show genetic link to the patient of focus. Some of the characteristics examined were intellectual level, early speech and language development, and motor skill development, inidually, along with cataloging physical features present with the patient in comparison to her family members. Family history was taken into account with the following: There is a family history of manic-depressive in a maternal grandparent and a psychiatric illness, which at stages has been attributed to depression or dementia in a paternal grandparent. In a maternal aunt there is a history of learning difficulties (Veltman, Thompson, Craig, Dennis, Roberts, Moore, Brown & Bolton, 119). The conclusion of the study conducted with the family was found that the mother didnt possess the duplicated gene, although she generated a history of developmental delays and learning difficulties in the academic setting, according to Veltman, Thompson, Craig, Dennis, Roberts, Moore, Brown s testing results showed that he carries the duplicated gene, and had reported a variety of developmental delays, such as walking and social interaction. He also reported having difficulties in the realm of academics, specifically mathematics. The results of the paternal uncle and siblings were no evidence of deficits with the uncle, and while neither sibling possessed the deficient gene in question, each displayed developmental delays throughout their histories, according to Veltman, Thompson, Craig, Dennis, Roberts, Brown & Bolton. The clinical studies generated in Japan were focused upon the maternal inheritance of PWS/AS, and an 18 year old male patient was examined, and blood samples were also taken from the parents. The patients medical history, physical characteristics and developmental delays were discussed, as was the results to the testing conducted to produce the answer to paternal/maternal linkage for PWS/AS. Although research findings focused upon the clinical features of PWS, the following was stated in report: The present case showed the deletion of the very small region from the maternal allele, an AS-like pattern, thought he has some clinical findings for PWS..The difference may be caused by the range of negative regulation spreading. The findings of this study underpin the importance of a positive molecular study in patients with some clinical findings of PWS, and that some symptoms for PWS need the gene of biallelic expression adjacent to the narrow region (Ninomiya, Yokoyama, Kawakami, Une, Ma ruyama & Morishima, 543, 544 & 545). Is the necessity for more in-depth research needed for the maternal inheritance of the duplicate gene for PWS/AS? The question arises with the knowledge that PWS/AS does not possess a male v. female ratio like the findings in Autism Spectrum Disorders research found among male and female children; for every one girl diagnosed with ASD, there are four boys who will receive clinical diagnosis of the same disorder. There is also the question of how genetics counselors become involved to assist in prenatal diagnosis of PWS/AS. Are the possibilities of recurrence in additional children if the first or second child tests positive for the duplicate gene? Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and Angelman Syndrome (AS) are associated with a loss of function of imprinted genes in the 15q11-q13 region mostly due to deletions or uniparental disomies (UPD). These anomalies usually occur de novo with a very low recurrence risk. However, in rare cases, familial translocations are observed, giving rise to a high recurrence risk (Flori, Biancalana, Girard-Lemaire, Favre, Flori, Doray & Mandel, 181). What can be done to assist children with Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndrome? Repetitive behavior was examined in children with PWS/AS and children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders). While most of the findings paralleled each other, such as sameness with routines and habits (established activities and/or games played) and sensory sensitivity (different types of fabrics with certain clothes), there were significant differences noted, such as collection of objects, preferences for certain types of food, and lining up of objects (children with ASD are likely to line objects or toys in a row, especially on furniture). Children with PWS showed similar levels of repetitive and ritualistic behavior overall to that seen in children with autism; however, there was some specificity in terms of type of repetitive behavior shown in the two groups. Future research should investigate whether these behavioural phenotypic similarities in PWS and autism are associated with a common neuropsychological, neurotransmitter or genetic origin (Prince, Evans & Charman, 98). Therefore, would the intervention methods implemented for children with ASD be applicable for children with PWS/AS, such as advocacy for these children and their right to education? Could parents of children with PWS/AS be supportive in the roles of negotiator, monitor, supporter, and advocate in conjunction with teachers within the school system? Stoner and Angell submitted a report to Focus on Autism and Developmental Disabilities in 2006, that showed results collected from four families of children with ASD in the exploration of the involvement of parents with their childs education. The 1997 IDEA (Iniduals with Disabilities Education Act) was immediately introduced in the beginning of the documentation, stating the parents legal rights to be involved in their childrens education; this applies to all children, regardless of disability. Parents and educators are involved in the process of meetings to discuss IEP (Inidualized Education Program) strategy and IFSP (Inidualized Family Service Plan goals to develop objectives, interventions, or methods of evaluation, according to Stoner and Angell. In more recent studies, parents of children with disabilities, including ASD, have reported having no involvement with IEP or IFSP plans, lack of choices in services, or lack of effective services (Stoner & Angell, 178). If there is a lack of communication and involvement at times shown here with parents of children with ASD, could this problem cross over into parental involvement of parents with children with PWS/AS? Does parental trust of the education system become an issue? Education professionals, teachers and administration, were given two recommendations, per Stoner and Angells report. (1) Recognize the potential benefit of parents assuming multiple roles within the education setting and encourage parents to be fully engaged in their childrens education, and (2) Recognize that parents will vary in their levels of engagement in their childrens education (Stoner when it came to their children; this sets the stage for apprehension towards trusting other professionals in these fields. Summary Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndromes, though sharing similar symptoms and characteristics, are set apart by inherited gene factors; PWS being paternal inheritance and AS being of maternal origin. Continued research is being conducted to monitor how the duplication of 15q11-q13 occurs, along with the possibilities of recurrence in families with children with PWS/AS. How to assist children with PWS/AS, along with their families, is also being taken into consideration, and integrative methods applied to children with disabilities, such as ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders), are being look into as a source of assistance in the search for intervention methods for children with Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndromes. Final Report (Conclusion) Continued research, involving participants of families and their children affected with PWS/AS, the differences and similarities of the disorders, the genetic links for each one, along with intervention methods for assisting children with PWS/AS, is the current recommended solution in the search for answers in assisting children with Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndrome. References Flori, E.; Biancalana, V.; Girard-Lemaire, F.; Favre, R.; Flori, J.; Doray, B.; & Mandel, J. L. (2004). Greaves, N.; Prince, E.; Evans, D. W. & Charman, T. (2006). Hou, J. W. & Wang, T. R. (1998). Ninomiya, S.; Yokoyama, Y.; Kawakami, M.; Une, T.; Maruyama, H. & Morishima, T. (2005). Stoner, J. B. & Angell, M. E. (2006, Fall). Veltman, M. W. M.; Thompson, R. J.; Craig, E. E.; Dennis, N. R.; Roberts, S. E.; Moore, V.; Brown, J. A. & Bolton, P. F. (2005).

Poverty in America essays

Poverty in America essays Poverty in the United States is getting worse each day and not enough is getting done about it. There are people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. Those who are against poverty agree that something needs to be done, but they do not know how to go about getting things done. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues on poverty. There is no limited amount of information about poverty. People only need to know where to go to obtain such information. Issues about poverty is not stressed enough by the media to keep America informed on what the country is going through with this problem. Poverty in America is being blamed on the system and the individual affected. The system is to blame because of social programs like welfare and social security on give a minimal amount of money to aid the poor. The Trickle Down approach which was introduced by the Reagan and Bush Administrators, was installed with the belief that by issuing a tax cut amongst the upper class would give more money into the economy that would eventually reach the lower class. A second program issued was the Interventionist approach, which was an action made on behalf of the federal government to help educate and employ the poor in order to help them attain a job career. Unfortunately, these social programs was not able to keep up with the inflation rates and the constant want of material goods by the poor, created by the need to fit in with the middle and upper classes (Burton, 1992). As individuals, poverty is being blamed because of the lifestyles that families live in today. It is said that because of the lack of support in poor families, individuals raised in poverty are likely to fail as adults (Bradbury, 2001). Education can take a toll on how much support poor families receive. With the lack of education, and intelligence, individua...

Legal Aspects of Health Information Management Case Study

Legal Aspects of Health Information Management - Case Study Example The informed consent process for emergency surgery in children poses a challenge for pediatric surgeons because the child and his/her parents must make medical decisions in a relatively short period. The unique circumstances of a surgical emergency create potential barriers to achieving the central goals of the informed consent process. This notwithstanding, if the parents are present, then the document must be signed. The fundamental principle of informed consent is relatively clear. Almost 100 years ago, Justice Cardozo stated "Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body; and a surgeon who performs an operation without his patient's consent commits an assault for which he is liable for damages." Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital, 105 N.E. 92 (New York, 1914) overruled on other grounds, Bing v. Thunig, 143 N.E. 2d 3 (New York, 1957). Accordingly, it goes without saying that the parents must consent for the surgery. If however the parents were not available, then the doctor should attempt all ways possible to locate the parents while at the same time explaining to the patient what is happening and what must happen. The underlying purpose of informed consent is to provide each individual patient with control over his or her own body. To imply consent because a reasonable person might consent but where this patient, in fact, did not consent, undermines the entire philosophy of informed consent. Thus if the parents are not available, the surgery cannot happen. Essay #2 Paula Patient doesn't want her violent boyfriend to know she's getting an abortion, so she asks Dr. Bob to send all communications to her to a post office box and to phone her only at work. What should Dr. Bob do, and what is the legal basis for your advice If she tells Dr. Bob that not doing this will endanger her, would your answer be different Assuming of course that Dr. Bob is the man performing the abortion, he only needs Paula's consent. There are two prevailing standards for informed consent. The first, the so called "traditional" or "community" standard, is physician centered and defined by the common and customary practices in the medical community, or on what a reasonable physician would reveal in a particular situation. The second standard is patient centered, and is defined by what a "reasonable patient" would find relevant to his or her decision to accept or forego a recommended medical treatment. Simply stated, abortion does not involve any body other than that of the female. The procedure is being performed on the female, and for that reason, there is no other consent required but that of the female. The basic tenet of abortion and the laws applied to it are for the preservation of the woman and nobody else. Moreover, the Supreme court has made it clear in their decisions that they are not interested in discussing the perceived rights of a child but rather sustaining the rights of the woman. Accordingly, there is no difference whether Paula's boyfriend is violent or an angel. He has no bearing whatsoever in the decision process because it is not his body and therefore is not entitled to consent to anything. Essay #3 Paula Patient's attorney asks Dr. Bob for medical records about Paula's car accident and

Wheat Seed Treatment in Australia Research Paper

Wheat Seed Treatment in Australia - Research Paper Example Seeds are subject to attacks not only externally but also internally as fungi or bacteria may attach to their coating or even within eventually causing plant diseases. The dangers that threaten seeds are present during storage and after planting. The soils upon which seeds are planted also contain fungi and bacteria that could harm them and the degree to which they could endanger seeds depend upon the condition of the soil at the time seeds are planted, which do not favour fast germination. Seed treatment had been practiced as early as 60 A.D. when seeds were treated with wine and crushed cypress leaves to deter insects from destroying them while in storage (Munkvold et al. 2006 7). Also, during the Egyptian and Roman periods sap from onion was used; in the Middle Ages, chlorine salts and liquid manure, and; in the 1600s, hot water started to become a ST method, one that is still being used even to this day (Australian Seed Federation 2010). The earliest treatment for wheat seeds was accidentally discovered in the 17th century when a ship carrying a load of wheat grains sank. When grains that got soaked in the seawater were recovered from the sunken ship and were planted they produced plants that have less bunt or stinking smut than the usual crops planted using ordinary seeds. Thus, soaking seeds in seawater became one of the earliest treatments to seeds to prevent bunt until in the year 1750 a Frenchman discovered that salt and lime can control bunt in wheat significa ntly. The advent of the mercurial compounds in the 1920s, although later banned, had revolutionised contemporary seed treatment (Munkvold et al. 2006 7).

Industrial Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Waste - Essay Example Both criminals and legitimate entrepreneurs sense handsome profits from this excess of hazardous waste, from steering a flow of harmful substances along the path of least resistance toward what they hope will be a final resting place. "I'd slash my wrists if I didn't think that there is enough greed in the world to find someone to take Philadelphia's trash," said one official of that city (Perks, 1986). All too often, however, the waste ends up in poor communities, migrating within the United States from the industrial Northeast to the more rural South; or in Great Britain, from England to Wales. Similarly, on the world stage, hazardous waste from the industrialised nations frequently has a one-way ticket to the developing world. Some Africans have even equated the traffic in toxic waste to the slave trade, although the direction has been reversed: the toxic substances that the industrialised world wishes to discard now flow to the developing world. More than 3 million tons of wastes were shipped from the industrialised world to less-developed nations between 1986 and 1988, according to the environmental organisation Greenpeace (Portney, 1991). Sometimes the deals were made with the approval of governments, sometimes not. The amounts of money to be earned from waste imports were so large that despite the health and environmental risks, some impoverished nations felt they could not refuse to enter this trade. The West African nation of Guinea-Bissau, for example, hoped to make $120 million a year, more than its total annual budget, by agreeing to store industrial wastes from other countries, until public protest over the hazards involved forced the government to back out. A series of odysseys in the late 1980s first drew worldwide attention to the issue of waste exports. Ships laden with hazardous wastes were refused admittance by country after country and, with their cargoes of poison still aboard, sent back to roam the seas. The gravest danger to less developed countries, however, stems not from vagabond ships carrying deadly cargo, but from the legal, routine shipments of "recyclable" wastes: mercury residue, lead-acid batteries, and other refuse from which valuable materials are extracted by low-paid Third World laborers and then reprocessed or sold for reuse. This extraction often takes place in plants filled with choking fumes and lead dust, where workplace safety rules and enforcement are far less stringent than those in the First World. Both the workers and the people living near these factories are threatened as a consequence of this legal recycling trade. According to industry estimates, at least 70 million automobile batteries were discarded in the United States each year during the 1990s, a figure that translates to roughly 70 million gallons of sulfuric acid and more than a billion pounds of lead. Although the United States has one of the world's safest and most sophisticated systems for recycling its used batteries, anywhere from 10 to 20 percent of them end up dumped unceremoniously by the side of a road, thrown away with the regular garbage or just left in a garage and forgotten. Of the 80 percent or more that are recycled, a substantial number are sent overseas, where they are smashed apart, melted down in lead smelters like those in Brazil and poured into

Surgical Pain Relief: Multimodal Analgesia And Paracetamol

Surgical Pain Relief: Multimodal Analgesia And Paracetamol INTRODUCTION As a nurse on a surgical ward dealing with a diversity of operating procedures it is important to understand the effects of surgical pain, as pain intensity and control is an integral part of the nursing duties. Layzell (2008) argues that pain management for postoperative patients should be a priority for all healthcare professionals. Furthermore having a say in how medications are administered but not prescribing drugs also means that it is essential to have an understanding of pharmacology. This ensures that informed discussions can talk place with the medical officer when it is felt that pain relief for a patient requires review. Additionally this enables the right balance of pain relief to be administered to minimise distress for the patient throughout their surgical journey. According to Lucas (2008) the benefits and adverse effects of the different types of analgesia also need to be considered when treating postoperative pain. Pain is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to define. The most general definition used was published by the International Association For The Study Of Pain (IASP) in 1979 and refers to pain as an unpleasant, sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage (IASP  2010). Pain is also subjective and the intensity can only be experienced by the sufferer (Mann and Carr 2006). Neurophysiology there are three types of pain receptors communicating pain signals through nociceptors or pain fibres (Mann and Carr 2006). These receptors can be found in the skin, surfaces of the joints, periosteum (the specialised lining around the bone), arterial walls and certain structures in the skull, although the brain itself does not have any of these receptors (Mann and Carr 2006, p3). Each receptor reacts to a different stimulus. The mechanical receptor to touch, thermal to heat or cold and chemical to products present in the body that are released after trauma causing inflammation and increased sensitivity at the wound site (Mann and Carr 2006). The chemical receptors also react to chemicals introduced into the body (Mann and Carr 2006). The nociceptors are the sensory instruments that transmit pain signals through sensory nerve fibres to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and into the brain (Mann and Carr 2006). There are three types of nerve fibres: A-delta responds to mechanical or thermal sensations, C fibres also known as polymodal because they respond to mechanical, thermal and chemical influences and Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbeta fibres which occur in the skin, reacts to touch but does not transmit pain sensations (Mann and Carr 2006). Psychologically pain can induce fear, anxiety, anger, frustration and also a sense of helplessness may be experience from being unable to physically control the intensity of the pain being felt (Rothrock et. al. 2007). Physiologically pain can reduce the functions of the immune system whilst increasing the potential for wound and chest infections as well as impairing the wound healing processes (Middleton 2003, Pudner and Ramsden 2010). Pain also induces vomiting, increases the workload of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, decreases lung capacity and can also reduce physical mobility (Middleton 2003, Rothrock et. al. 2007). Traditionally following surgery, a single opioid drug such as morphine is used, depending on the type of surgery performed, for moderate to severe or acute pain (Shorten et. al. 2006). It is argued that patients who receive this monoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœtherapy would prefer to be treated with non ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœopioid remedies (Shorten et. al. 2006). According to Mann and Carr (2006) using the monoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœtherapy method only targets one pain pathway and although morphine is considered the gold standard it tends to have many adverse effects. These include a 0.2% risk of respiratory depression, sedation, urinary retention, nausea and vomiting which affects around 30% of patients, itching or pruritus, hypotension or low blood pressure plus confusion and hallucinations in the elderly (Mann and Carr 2006, Rothrock et. al. 2007, Manley and Bellman 1999). Some of these side effects are controlled with antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœemetics for sickness and antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhistamines for pruritus (Rothrock et. al. 2007). Combinational drug therapy began in the 1950s (Michielsen 2007). Since then there has been increasing developments in establishing opiate sparing analgesic regimes with fewer side effects for surgical pain (Shorten et. al. 2006). Painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) can be combined with drugs from the codeine group, tramadol and non-steroidal antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as part of a multimodal regime (Manley and Bellman 1999). This allows for lower doses of individual drugs to be given, reducing the severity of adverse events and targeting more than one pain pathway as each drug has a different mechanism of action (Shorten et. al. 2006). Paracetamol is a universal drug that is generally well tolerated but its mechanisms are not fully understood (Mann and Carr 2006). There are only mild to rare reported occurrences of side effects such as skin rashes and other allergic reactions (Manley and Bellman 1999). Paracetamol, a member of the non-opioid group is one of oldest known synthetic analgesic and antipyretic drugs (Manley and Bellman 1999, p470). Being also an antipyretic paracetamol has the ability to reduce fever temperature (Pudner and Ramsden 2010). It can be administered orally, rectally or intravenously in the form of a prodrug known as perfalgan or propacetamol (Manley and Bellman 1999, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 2007). Prodrugs are treatments that need to be broken down in the body before they become active (MedicineNet 2010). It is suggested that paracetamol should be used as part of a multimodal regime for surgical patients experiencing mild to moderate pain (Pudner and Ramsden 2010). Multimodal treatments involve combining drugs to form a compound in order to increase pain relief and reduce opioid adverse effect (Shorten et. al 2006, Manley and Bellman 1999, Pudner and Ramsden 2010). These combinational drugs are regulated by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) and only a limited number has been approved (Shorten et. al 2006, Department of Health 2010). Pharmaceutical companies have also introduced several fixedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdoseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcombinations such as coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcodamol a combination of codeine phosphate, a weak opioid and paracetamol as well as coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdydramol a compound of dihydrocodeine and paracetamol (Shorten et. al 2006, p185). The main side effect of these codeine products is constipation, which can be remedied with a mild laxative (Manley and Bellman 1999). Tramadol, another weak opioid can also be combined with paracetamol (Manley and Bellman 1999). The side effects of tramadol include minimal respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache and sweating (Manley and Bellman 1999). Using this drug appears to defeat the object of reducing opiate contraindications but the combination is generally well tolerated and effective for moderate to severe pain (Shorten et. al. 2006). Rothrock et. al (2007) argues that combining NSAIDs with opioid drugs effectively reduces opioid usage by 20-40%. However increased postoperative bleeding and the chances of developing gastrointestinal ulcers cause NSAIDs to be used sparingly for surgical patients ((Rothrock et. al. 2007). The Human Rights Act 1998 states that ethically it is the duty of all healthcare staff to ensure that patients are protected from any form of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment (Office of Public Sector Information 1998, Article  3). Nurses are also responsible for their actions and as such must be able to justify decisions made or omissions which affect the wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœbeing of a patient (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). From a surgical nursing perspective this means it is imperative to ensure patients receive good pain management following their operation. However according to a recent study by Dolin, Cashman and Bland (2002) one in five patients still report severe postoperative pain. Manley and Bellman (1999) suggest patients commonly believe that pain is acceptable following surgery. While Pudner and Ramsden (2010) argue that postoperative pain should be controlled and patients should not expect or see pain as inevitable. This literature review aims to firstly evaluate current research and evidence in relation to the use of paracetamol as one part of a multimodal analgesia regime for surgical pain relief. Secondly to use the results to make recommendations for standardising multimodal pain control for postoperative patients and re-educate staff on the importance of effective pain management. METHODOLOGY Search Criteria For this literature review an advanced search was carried out over the internet. The health and medical sciences specific databases of Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Online (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library and Internurse.com were explored (Thomas 2000). CINAHL includes full text and is the most relevant source of information for nursing while MEDLINE focuses on life sciences and is produced by the National Library of Medicine (LoBiondo-Wood 2010, p68). The Cochrane Library holds a collection of systematic reviews and Internurse.com has journal articles written by nurses (LoBiondo-Wood 2010, p68). The Cochrane Library was used to determine if any critical reviews had previously been carried out on the subject of paracetamol being used as part of a multimodal regime for postoperative patients. Only 4 papers were found. Internurse.com was exploited for articles containing current knowledge on the use of multimodal therapy for surgical pa tients. These editorials were utilised within the introduction. The keywords or inclusion criteria for the literature search included paracetamol in the title while the words surgical and post operative were left optional to increase the depth of the search. Truncation or wildcards were employed to make the search more sensitive and specific to the topic being researched as follows: surgical surg* and post operative post op* (Gerrish, and Lacey 2006). The search mode was set to Boolean which defines the relationships between words or groups of words in a literature search (LoBiondo-Wood 2010). This process involved using the word AND before the truncated words surg* and post op*. The date time frame was also limited from 2000 to 2010 to ensure that the studies were up to date and relevant to present day policies and procedures for pain control (LoBiondo-Wood 2010). Restrictions were also placed to only include papers that were based on humans, research papers and in the English language. Humans were selected as experiments on animals due to their biological makeup was not considered to be relevant to controlling postoperative pain in human beings. As this is a literature review it was appropriate to only select research papers for analysis. Language was also deemed to be significant as finances and the time schedule to complete the review did not allow for interpretation of the papers from other Dialects. Expanders were included to find papers that had related words and for the search to be carried out within the full text of the articles. Review 8 papers resulted from the above search criteria. These were then screened using inclusion criteria, the titles and abstracts to determine their relevance to relieving surgical pain with multimodal analgesia therapy. The inclusion criteria was trials that included patients who had received paracetamol (acetaminophen) postoperatively, trials that included multimodal therapy, papers that were published within the last 10 years, subjects who were adults as my surgical setting only treats patients over the age of 18 and within a hospital environment. Exclusion criteria were trials that involved animals or children as discussed earlier. The types of interventions could include any routes for drug administration as paracetamol can be administered via intravenous, oral or rectal modes. One paper was excluded from the review at this point as it was a monoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœtherapy trial for paracetamol. The remaining 7 papers met with the inclusion criteria and were scored for methodological quality using a critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) containing 10 questions {{488 Public Health Resource Unit (PHRU) 2007}}. The questions were answered yes, no or cant tell for each paper. Using a tool provides a way of systematically appraising what is published and filtering through papers to determine their relevance and accuracy {{427 Crookes, P. and Davies, S. 2004}}.

What Made Non Violence Work

Gandhi and Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work? Background Essay The history of violence in the world is well documented. However it is also possible to use non-violence to bring about change. This DBQ will look at two countries where a non-violent movement was successful. Historic Context India and South Africa were two important nations on two different continents. But although they looked strong on the outside, each one suffered from a disease that threatened the health of the whole. For India, the disease was colonization. For South Africa, it was racial segregation. Three ConditionsIn each of these nations three conditions help explain why non-violence worked. The first condition was that both of them had been colonies of England. And like England both countries thought law was very powerful – more powerful even than government officials. The second condition was the presence of violence. Without the possibility of a violent revolution, the government might not have been willing to change. The third condition was the presence of a leader – Mohandas Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela South Africa. Each of these men was so charismatic he could lead his followers to a non-violent victory.Both of them gave their lives to the cause. Gandhi was shot by an assassin while Mandela spent almost twenty-seven years of his life in prison. These are their stories. Mohandas Gandhi – â€Å"An eye-for-an-eye only makes the whole world blind† Mohandas Gandhi was born in 1869, in Porbandar, India. His father taught his son respect for all religions. His mother taught him that all living things are holy. Following custom, Gandhi married at age 13; his wife, Kasturbai, was even younger. At age 19 he went to London to study law, and at age 22 Gandhi completed his studies.He now felt more than ever that the English, who had ruled India for almost two centuries, were law-abiding and fair. Hopes high, he sailed for home. Gandhi tried to set up a law pr actice in India but was so shy he failed miserably. When someone suggested he try his luck in South Africa, he jumped at the offer. But no sooner had he arrived there than he was thrown off a train, just for being a â€Å"colored† man holding a first class ticket! Even for a shy man, it was too great an insult. When he fought back he was sent to jail. It was there he became a leader, bringing about important changes for South Africa’s Indian community.When Gandhi returned to India, he was paraded around like a hero because of his South African victories. But everywhere he looked he was horrified by the poverty he saw. He saw, too, that to be successful in the world the English had built. Indians had to imitate their rulers – their clothes, their manners, and their standards of beauty. Gandhi refused! Gandhi wanted people to live free of all kinds of snobbery, even the ones imposed by India’s ancient caste system. The first thing he did was to build a diff erent kind of community where he could model this classless society.He dressed in the clothes a poor man would wear and did chores an untouchable [people so low they are below caste] would do. Most Indians thought he was absurd. But slowly his strange ideas were accepted until Gandhi came to be known as ‘Mahatma’ or ‘Great Soul. ’ Gandhi saw that India’s self-respect was tied to independence. But England was a giant with colonies all around the globe. And Indian politicians had worked for independence for at least half a century. How much harder would it be for the gentle Gandhi? Yet in the end Gandhi succeeded. The question is how?Nelson Mandela – â€Å"People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can also be taught to love. † Rolihlahla Mandela was born in 1918 in a tiny village in South Africa. He was still a baby when his father, a tribal chief, was dethroned for disrespecting an English judge. At age seven he was sent to a boarding school where he learned to live under apartheid, a Dutch South African word meaning â€Å"racial apartness. † There he was given the name â€Å"Nelson† because his African name, which could sometimes be translated as â€Å"Troublemaker,† wasn’t European.This was the first time, though not the last, that Mandela felt disrespected for his blackness. In the 1930’s it was rare for a black South African to attend college. But Mandela not only attended, he graduated, got a degree from law school, and set up a practice in Johannesburg which he hoped could support his small family. Yet apartheid was always a humiliation to him. When the Afrikaner, or Dutch South African, Nationalists came to power in the 1948 election, the segregation habits of the past three hundred years became law. Hoping for a brighter future, Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) and became its first Youth Leader.In the 1960s, many of the colonial natio ns of Africa were gaining independence. The ANC was encouraged and campaigned for democracy in South Africa. They were mild campaigns at first, but as the government became more hostile, so did ANC protests. In November 1961, a military branch of the party was organized with Mandela as its head. It authorized the limited use of arms and sabotage against the government, which got the government’s attention—and its anger! Mandela went into hiding in 1964, he was captured, tried, and sentenced to life imprisonment. It was a sad day for black South Africa.As days stretched to months, months to years, and years to decade, Mandela lived most of them at brutal Robben Island Prison. There his guards did their best to break his spirit with isolation and abuse. Remarkably he kept his hope and dignity alive. Then, twenty-six and half long years after his imprisonment began, he was released. Again, Mandela could tackle the job of dismantling apartheid. He hoped, like the Afrikaner government that freed him that he could keep South Africa from erupting into civil war. The Question Gandhi and Mandela were sitting on powder kegs built on hate and injustice.The people in each society knew the powder kegs existed. More importantly their governments knew they existed. Yet both men were able to bring about non-violent change. Gandhi brought independence to India and Mandela brought democracy to South Africa. So how did they do it? The presence of violence, the respect for law, the leadership of a charismatic individual—these 3 ingredients were important, but not the whole story. Now examine the documents that follow, looking for further ways that non-violent change was achieved in India and South Africa. Again the question: Gandhi and Mandela: What made non-violence work?

Polarization in Us Politics

Analyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 â€Å"The election of 2008†¦ marked the end of an epoch. No longer could Republicans count on the basic conservatism of the American people, the reflexive hostility to candidates who favour big government† (Darman, 2010, 34)In the 1970s and 1980s there was a consensus that the importance of political parties was in decline, that the shared conservative ideology of the American electorate was reflected in the similar ideology and policy of the Democratic and Republican party. Now, however, the parties are seemingly taking on renewed importance as the population of the United states grows less and less homogenous. There is now a consensus in the American media that their politics are increasingly Polarized between the liberal voters who vote Democrat, and the more traditional conservatives who support the Repub lican Party.This essay will assess the evidence for whether or not the American political system is indeed polarizing, and if so, then for what reasons? The role of political elites will also be examined, whether or not they are polarizing aswell, and whether this is a large contributing cause of the polarising of the mass? Many, including Marc Hetherington, contend that there has indeed been a period of mass and elite polarisation, and Hetherington believes that the mass polarization is a reaction to the elites increasing partisanship (2001, 621, 629).There is evidence in surveys that the political elite is polarizing; the amount of self proclaimed â€Å"very conservative† Republicans in congress and senate has risen from 12 to 30 percent since 1972, and the amount of â€Å"very liberal† Democrats has risen from 8 to 20 percent (Stone, 2010, 39), this shows that as much as half of delegates are radicals. For this reason political debate has grown more and more rancoro us, both in Washington DC and in the media. The role of information in Democracy cannot be understated, it is a cornerstone of Dahls Polyarchy (1972).Although some media companies may attest to attempting to provide news without bias, their agenda as businesses is to turn a profit and as it is common for them to take up political positions in order to gain market share. To illustrate this, Fox News 24 hour television station was introduced in 1996 (this in itself could be seen as evidence for polarization) and by 2000 had managed to attract 17 percent of the US population by adopting a staunchly conservative viewpoint (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007), while one must stop short of attributing the Republican success at the 2000 election to the introduction of a conservative news station.The same study shows that not Fox News' emergences causation with an increase in voter turnout (DellaVigna, Kaplan, 2007, 1228), arguably mobilising a previously disenchanted group. The radical left and righ t leaning delegates mentioned above are naturally the most visible politicians to the public in terms of media coverage as a result of the medias wont for framing politics in terms of conflict (Hetherington, 2001, 622).It follows that the mass public will draw their positions from the partisan opinions and attitudes which they are exposed to on their televisions and in their newspapers, either in support of, or by vehemently disagreeing with, the controversial politicians, political pundits and journalists, and will express these outlooks in the polls come election time. One tool which the media can use to project an image of a polarized country is by utilising state boundaries to show the success of the different parties in nationwide elections.The red state/ blue state maps are now a fixture of the news coverage as election results flood in, but it is interesting to note that as recently as 1984 Democratic victories were shown in red and Republican in blue. It is also curious that red, long the colour of Marxism, of Red China and Communist USSR (Patton, 2004). The only relevance of these points is to show that the apparent deep rooted polarized political situation is both modern and subject to quite sudden change. The red/ blue map shown in Figure one shows how modern Polarisation has manifested itself over the last four elections.The dark red and blue show that those states have voted Republican or democratic respectively all four times. Lighter shades show that party has won all but once, while purple shows states which have gone to the Republicans and Democrats twice each. On first glance this seems to back up the polarization theory, as Fiorina and Adams put it; â€Å"when the 2004 election almost reproduced the 2000 map, belief in the polarization narrative peaked as social conservatives gloated about the purported importance of â€Å"values voters† for the re-election of President Bush, and liberal commentators bitterly accepted that interpreta tion. â€Å"(2008, 564, 565)However when one examines the map in figure 2 which breaks down the 2008 election by county, rather than state. This map seems to throw an interesting side note onto the red state/ blue state theory. While there is seldom a completely red or blue dominated state, in terms of area covered on the map, there is far more covered by republican red. The fact that the democrats won the election with so much less area covered shows that the blue areas are high in population denstity- cities and large towns. Rather than Republican south versus Democratic coasts, Figure 2 indicates a division between Rural Republican and Urban Democrat areas.Fig. 1 Fig. 2 There are other problems with the above quote, which Fiorina and Abrams do draw attention to. For instance the assumed intrinsic connections common to the â€Å"value voters† are not as strong as they may seem. For instance Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry managed to pull one third of white eva ngelicals, and one third of gun owners (Fiorina and Abrams, 2008, 568). These are two criterion of the stereotypical conservative Bible-Belt citizen, and the media would have us believe that almost every single one would have supported the incumbent George W.Bush. This exaggeration is typical of the American media's attempt to depict American politics as more polarized than it is. Haley Barbour, governor of Mississippi and former chairman of the republican party here how he takes political news (in this case the pessimism about the future of the Republican party after the election of Barack Obama in 2008) with a pinch of salt; â€Å"In politics, things are never as good as they seem (in the media) and they're never as bad as they seem† (Darman, 2010)If there is such polarization in the USA, such defined political cleavages, why then is every election so tightly contested, which Barone calls â€Å"The 49 Percent Nation† (Kaus, 2004)? Surely if the nation was split along regional, urban/ rural, religious or ideological divides, then surely one group would be able to dominate the other, at least periodically, and one party would enjoy longer periods in office. In the past two decades no Presidential candidate has acheived more than 54% of the popular vote. Barbour implies that the greatest reason the democrats won the 2008 election is because it was simply â€Å"their turn† (Darman, 2010).Mickey Kaus of political comment website Slate Magazine, attributes this seemingly strange run of results to the Median Voter Theory, also known as the Black Theorem (Black, 1948). Kaus explains that the ideological positions of the Republican and Democratic parties are not fixed, they do not remain where the lines in figure 3 show, rather they will gravitate towards the point upon the scale which will guarantee the greatest support. Because of this, in both the upper and lower graphs (ie regardless of whether the voting public is polarized or not) both the main parties would lie more or less in the centre of the graph.The non proportional representation, two party electoral system reinforces this, as if their were many parties competing seriously it would allow for minority parties which could take up more extreme left or right points on the scale. Figure. 3- the vertical lines represent where ideology-driven liberal and conservative parties would be fixed upon the scale. The other line in each graph shows the how the voters are distributed along the political spectrum. In conclusion, there is significant evidence to show that a period of polarization has been occuring in the politics of the United States of America since approximately the mid 1990's.There are a myriad of reasons which could be applied, too many to be mentioned here, for example Hetherington mentions that Presidential approval ratings and poor economic performance can often lead to polarization. The greatest factor however, to stretch the US electorate's homogeneity i s the influence of the elites and the mass media. Arguably this could be seen as a give-and-take progression, with the elites emerging from the mass to elevated positions from which they may influence the mass, and the media reacting to the mass in order to produce a marketable service.Furthermore it is important to note that although the USA does exist in a somewhat polarized state, the extent of that polarization is not as clearcut as sections of the media would have one believe. The US is not simply a nation off older gun toting, gay hating, anti abortion Republicans and younger coastal, ethnically diverse gay loving pro-choice socialist Democrats. Perhaps a more apt description would be as a nation of centralist influenced by a small amount of more extreme outliers of liberal and conservative persuasion.Bibliography Political Polarization in the American Public, Fiorina, Morris and Abrams, Samuel, 2008, Stanford Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization, Hether ington, Marc, 2001, American Political Science Review The Fox News Effect; Media Bias and Voting, DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan, 2007, Harvard On the Rationale of Group Decision Making, Black, Duncan, 1948, Chicago The Anti-Obama,Darman, Jonathan, 2010, Newsweek Fight Club, Thomas, Evan and Taylor Jr, Stuart, 2010, Newsweek

Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms

In â€Å"An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, is a controversial theoretical book by David Hume. Throughout this book Hume made various theories concerning the formation of the mind and the beliefs that proceed from it. He also gives reasoning for human belief in God, and rationalizing of the external world. One of Hume’s theories about knowledge and ideas which has struck numerous readers as controversial is the theory on â€Å"Matters of Fact†. â€Å"Matters of Fact† are ideas caused by impressions which are formed by past experiences. Impressions are a vivid insight of the external world and an idea is the weak feeling of an impression. These ideas and impressions are based on the assumption that all ideas have impressions; therefore humans are not able to create ideas without impressions. Also do to the fact that â€Å"Matters of Fact are based on past experiences, Hume hypothesis that humans are not able to predict the future, they can only make inferences. Impressions and ideas according to Hume are the major and basic building block of human knowledge. Hume explains impressions as â€Å"all our more lively perception, when we hear or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will†. (p27) Ideas on the other hand are the reflecting back on perceptions in the mind which are less vivid then the actual perception. (p27) The process of a thought flowing from an impression to an idea and past impressions to an idea is called the law of association of ideas. The law of association of ideas is the base for complex ideas which is the formation of more then one simple idea. These laws, terms and with the help of other theories suggested by Hume give way to the understanding of the human external world. By simply screening Hume’s theories one may see his views worthy of believing, but by taking a closer look an individual can easily create a view to dispute his theory. In one theory Hume states that humans can not imagi ... Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms In â€Å"An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, is a controversial theoretical book by David Hume. Throughout this book Hume made various theories concerning the formation of the mind and the beliefs that proceed from it. He also gives reasoning for human belief in God, and rationalizing of the external world. One of Hume’s theories about knowledge and ideas which has struck numerous readers as controversial is the theory on â€Å"Matters of Fact†. â€Å"Matters of Fact† are ideas caused by impressions which are formed by past experiences. Impressions are a vivid insight of the external world and an idea is the weak feeling of an impression. These ideas and impressions are based on the assumption that all ideas have impressions; therefore humans are not able to create ideas without impressions. Also do to the fact that â€Å"Matters of Fact are based on past experiences, Hume hypothesis that humans are not able to predict the future, they can only make inferences. Impressions and ideas according to Hume are the major and basic building block of human knowledge. Hume explains impressions as â€Å"all our more lively perception, when we hear or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will†. (p27) Ideas on the other hand are the reflecting back on perceptions in the mind which are less vivid then the actual perception. (p27) The process of a thought flowing from an impression to an idea and past impressions to an idea is called the law of association of ideas. The law of association of ideas is the base for complex ideas which is the formation of more then one simple idea. These laws, terms and with the help of other theories suggested by Hume give way to the understanding of the human external world. By simply screening Hume’s theories one may see his views worthy of believing, but by taking a closer look an individual can easily create a view to dispute his theory. In one theory Hume states that humans can not imagi ...

Essay on Women and Men in the US

Essay on Women and Men in the US Essay on Women and Men in the US Example essay: Major issues facing women and men in the U.S. today There are very many issues that are facing both men and women in the U.s today. The effects are far reaching although others do not have very significant outcomes. Gender disparity is mong the major issues that are known to affect people in the U.S. The population in the United States has been established to be having many women than men. However, this is not depicted in the public area. The Supreme Court for instance has a higher male population than women. The country? presidents from Regan to Obama have tried to eliminate this disparity by making special appointments of females judges into the Supreme Court. Another issue that is facing men and women in the U.S is the one that pertains to abortion. Facts, information and statistics about abortion and pregnancy in the U.S place a lot of evidence on teens being the most affected. There have been increased cases of sexual assault, rape, prostitution and domestic violence. In one way or another, either a man or a woman is being victimized. In many occasions, it is women who fall victim due to the notion by the society that they are a weaker sex. There are facts, statistics and stories that surround abuse and survival together with the appropriate ways that can be adopted to reduce these forms of abuse. In all creations, all people seek for love and intimacy. Yet, it is becoming evident that neither of them is a certain thing. People are different; some seek for soothe and stability while others have the desire for excitement and experimentation. As humans, we may know one another, but it is also a fact that it takes two to tangle. Currently, the issues that pertain to women? reproductive rights and the diverse forms of contraception are widely and legally accessible to all women in the U.S. Other issues that have been seen to affect people in the U.S are those that are linked to pay equity, healthcare, and leadership, feeding habits, obesity and citizenship. All these factors have a way in which they affect the people. What is important though is how the society approaches and tries to find solutions towards solving them in a more amicable manner. I would say that there are many problems that face men and women in the United States just like any other country of the world whether developed or not developed. In comparison to the less developed countries and more specifically those that are non-democratic, America is more dwarfed in the way her people are faced with the problems. Some of the problems are as a result of the religious doctrines that permeate abuse and pose subservient regulations on those who are linked to social problems. Sometimes, it becomes very hard to contemplate on the traditional, feminist issues and think of obtaining a female president in the U.S unless more women and men start cherishing diplomacy endowed with more actions and soft power. Such issues can also be overcome if more women get involved in business activities and political positions so that their voices, votes and plans can be felt. An opinion I have held over time now is that gender issues will always continue to be factors in social interactions. This is due to the loopholes that the society has allowed to prevail. For instance, the feminist issues that are still being talked about in the current society are majorly applicable to those who are aware and relish freedom. It is also appropriate for those who want a gentler and comfortable society. Although the U.S is in pursuit of these key factors, it is none the less faced with issues of gender disparity and discrimination. To make sure that gender issues are eliminated, then it is imperative that all of us exert positive influences that will terminate the undercutting on one another. It is also very vital that the society learns to have faith on one another. It should also develop an innate belief in the ability of women to lead in a diligent way. The society should also make sure that it rises up an entity and extends its hand throughout the aspects of develo pment in the spirit of change that will impact positively on the lives of our sisters, not only in the United States but also to the rest of the world. At you can easily buy essay online on Women and Men related topics. Our custom essay writing company will help with writing your essay, term paper or research paper on any topic.

Lack of Money Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lack of Money - Research Paper Example In fact, it is money that drives the world at a rate so ever increasing. Indeed, without money, one cannot buy many products and services. Many laypeople feel that money is a necessary evil, and it is indeed considering that the lack of it makes life practically unbearable. On the other hand, money is one substance that motivates most of human activities and interactions including scientific research, space exploration, technological advancements, politics and business, the list being practically inexhaustible as noted by Krugman and Wells (2009). This paper discusses the lack of money and its close association with poverty and crime. It will be assumed that generally, lack of money amounts to poverty. One major problem that the world has ever so been grappling with since time immemorial is poverty. In the modern world, the lack of money can with reasonable confidence be summed as poverty or destitution. Absolute poverty is the condition that prevails when one cannot access basic human needs including education, clothing, food, clean water and shelter. On the other hand, relative poverty refers to the state of having less than acceptable level of money or resources as compared to other members of the society, country or community. Of the United States of America, Joseph Williams states that, â€Å"Today nearly 16 million Americans live in â€Å"deep or severe poverty†Ã‚  (Williams, 2007, par 1). Traditionally, poverty has been considered part and parcel of every society considering that ancient modes of production could not offer the whole population a comfortable life (Kerbo, 2006). According to the United Nations, lack of money or poverty denies people the capacity to effectively participate in society. The organization also notes that lack of money predisposes individuals or/and communities to violence as they have to live in marginalized or fragile

The Doctrines of Pythagoras- Doing in Ovids The Metamorphoses Essay

The Doctrines of Pythagoras- Doing in Ovids The Metamorphoses - Essay Example Overall the stories and connected by idea of transformation, starting with the physical changes which created the world, and in the manner in which the gods, in their longing to disrupt with life on the continent, are persistently changing their own presence and form. However, the most famous changes in the book are those remarkable time when a living being is transformed into something else. Many of the stories of transformation are concerned with severe suffering. This grants to practically all them a naturally dramatic superiority because they irregularly focus on a vulnerable and objecting character suffering from godly or human vindictiveness. Further, the main characters are frequently innocent females, trailed by celestial or human rapists. In more simple terms, Metamorphoses is a catalogue of famous Greek and Roma stories, most which deal with violence, phenomenal transformation of appearance and suffering, organized in a loose series. Ovid’s style so frequently change s the relatively simple details of famous legend into convincing, extremely dramatic, and multifaceted tale (Due 12-30). Befitting Ovid’s continual poem, interest in the precise meaning of the Pythagoras’s speech in â€Å"Metamorphoses† 15 has proved to ever be unceasing. ... Since it appears in the final book, we can presume that it has some kind of programmatic function or, as is always is the case with Ovid, numerous functions. With regard to the preceding 14 books, Ovid incredibly regales to us with an enormous assortment of style and genres. Further, it is absolutely clear that this multiplicity as opposed to the analysis in terms of generic restraints, is the actual importance of the function of genre in the† Metamorphoses.† However, there has been the lack of philosophical disquisition until the last book. One of the many reasons, therefore, for Ovid’s insertion of this philosophical boastful bluster is merely to round out his whole virtuoso collection with, yet still, another magnificent piece (Mandelbaum 20-50). Secondly, the selection of Pythagoras was agreeable for that function and numerous others. At his time, Pythagoreanism represented a syncretistic assortment of the teachings of various philosophical schools, pseudo-scie ntific assumption, spirituality, and spiritual and religious dispensations. Accordingly, Ovid’s Pythagoras provides an diverse cause of mixture indebted to all types of philosophical teachings, including his own, Empedocles’, Heraclitus’s, and the Stoics’, alongside irregular insinuation, mostly for the purpose of counterargument, to Epicureans and Lucretius. The process finds its appropriate analogue in Ovid’s consideration of the material for the masterpiece â€Å"Metamorphoses†, which in the same way varies, not dogma, and inconsistency. For this case, Ovid’s poem is amid other things a collection of themes and styles. Meanwhile, Pythagoras speech is a collection of philosophers (Brunauer 40-50). Hardie thus argues that through the

Fundamentals of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of economics - Essay Example Some people are intended to spend loads of money and they also easily can do. We will see how rise in prices affect the living standards. There are so many elements in the standards of living. These are not only consumer goods but also there are some elements included in standards of living that cannot be purchased or are not under our control for example environmental quality and the services provided by the government. 2 Decline in living standard is not because of rise in prices. There are so many elements affecting the standards of living. 1. There have been a general slowdown in economic growth (the growth in the amount of goods and services produced) and in the growth of national income (the sum of all the income received in the nations). This means that the size of the income pie available to be divided among the families is growing very slowly than before. The prices of goods plays important roles for spending life, it can make life easy if prices of goods and services are low and it can creates more difficulties it prices are very high. But it does not mean to decline the standards of living. Standards of living depend on many factors. We have seen the factors those are affecting the standards of living and those are not affecting. There are also many other elements such as education, quality of education, health facilities.3 It can be defined as the income of the individuals or people after adjusting for inflation. It can be measured by subtracting the inflation from the nominal income. Mathematically it can be written as: Real income is a more useful indicator of well-being; it is based on the amount of goods and services that can be purchased with the income. It involves real variables as real income, real GDP and real interest rates. These real variables can be measured in physical units (standards of measurements of physical quantities)4. Nominal Income is the income that has

The Lord of the Flies is just a simple, happy ending Essay Example for Free

The Lord of the Flies is just a simple, happy ending Essay Adventure story. It is about children, for children and told from their perspective To what extent do you agree with this? Do you think being a savage; killing, hunting and fighting represents a simple adventure story? The first two chapters of this novel may show innocent and young boys on an island where no fear is held, and maybe that is what it is; referring to the original sin. Which is a story from the Bible showing that everyone is born with evil inside them and it seems that the island has brought this out of the boys. You may be thinking, what about Piggy and Simon? The amount of conflict between the boys increased throughout the book. It started between Jack and Piggy, Jack through insults at him such as Shut up yah fatty! and Piggy stated things directed towards Jack in the form of an insult too, You and your blood Jack Merridew! and then Piggy just refers to Jack as him when Jack leaves Ralphs leadership. Adventure books arent supposed to have arguing, all the boys are supposed to get along! During chapter four, Golding shows that its not only Piggy that Jack hates, but Ralph too, splashing and laughing are just about enough to bring them back together again. At the start of the book it seems a happy adventure as all the boys do get along and listen to Ralphs rules but things start to change as Jack realises theres no point in listening to Ralph as he wanted to be leader all along. As Ralph is leader and made rules for the other boys, calling an assembly, this shows the maturity in the book and his adult characteristics. He seemed to handle things well but then knew he could not think as well as Piggy. Jack shows the immaturity on the island as he treats everything as a game. When the boys had been showing a role-play of their hunt and Robert was the pig, Jack had become quite aggressive hurting Roger, but afterwards all he said was, That was a good game. And when he left the others he said, I dont want to play with Ralphs lot anymore. When Jack first entered the island he was a fair skinned boy who attended the choir and was thought of as a leader, so he didnt take it well when Ralph was chosen as leader instead of him. So to make things even he was made leader of the hunters. At first Jack grimaced distastefully at the touch of blood. This then changed and he had a sharpened stick at one endtattered shorts held up by a knife belt. Does this show an innocent choirboy from an adventure story? Simon was Goldings way of expressing nature in the novel and when the boys killed Simon, they did not as they thought kill the beast but they let the beast out and killed hope and peace. Piggy and Simon were the means of civilisation. Piggy was the only one besides Ralph who stood up to Jack and he was the one who always remembered rescue, hope, signal fire and innocence. When the savages took away Piggys glasses they also took away civilisation and soon after that they took away his life. Adventure stories always end with a happy ending so how could Lord of the Flies be an adventure story? Unless Ralph is being hunted down is happy. I suppose in away it is happy because Ralph received what he had wanted from the moment they set foot on the island; rescue. The ending was ironic as all the way through Ralph had wanted his fire and depended on signal and Jack had been the same about hunting. They both got what they wanted as they were rescued by Jack hunting down Ralph with a fire. Putting all my points together I have come to the conclusion that The Lord of the Flies novel is surely an adventure but not the simple, innocent little boy type as it involves hunting, death, fighting and conflict. It shows the break up of society, lack of civilisation, evil and sin. But on the other hand it shows sunlight, fun, games, nature, happiness and laughter. Although the simple adventure part of this novel would show little boys stuck on an island having fun and trying to be rescued and would not add in the death and arguments.

Utopian Society in Brave New World by Aldous Huxley :: Brave New World Essays

In the novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley a dystopia is presented of a Utopian society where happiness is brought through a drug and your predestined life follows. Aldous Huxley conveys different conflicts with characters being isolated from the society they are being forced to live within. In which, these characters, are brought about reliance of soma, a drug, to stabilize their life. As well as this, the novel expresses the on going battles of having a society that is "perfect". Therefore, because of the isolated, delusional nonperfected-society, the World State introduced in Brave New World defines a Utopian Society. Throughout the story the characters are presented in different social classes. In this World State, society isn't broken down into race, sex, or wealth, it deals with the intelligence level of a human being. Character by character is presented with a strong detachment from reality and the lack of freewill they are given. "It is only kind of pre-natal conditioning envisioned in Brave New World itself, in which the beings produced from bottles are so changed that they are no longer Homo sapiens, that will permanently keep men down" describing the fact that the people made in these test tubes are not normal men (Woodcock 273). Here, you see the outlook that no one could be an acceptable human being when being produced from a bottle. From the top, Alphas, and the bottom, Epsilons, where society is created through test tubes, in which, "Alphas and Betas [remain], (in incubators), until definitely bottled, while the Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons were brought out again, after thirty-six hours to undergo Bokanovsky's Process. . . where eight to ninety-six buds and (where) every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo. . . (and the Epsilons suffer) oxygen-shortage for keeping an embryo below par. . . (where) the lower the caste. . .the shorter the oxygen, (and) the brain will be affected first" (Huxley 4-5,15). With the first breath of life, the people have already been determined their fate. As well as the Neo-Pavlovian, which is a procedure to condition kids to respond or not respond to different objects. Roses and books were placed in front of eight month old babies, and "the babies at once fell silent, then began to crawl towards (the roses). . .(and) the crawling babies came squeals of excitement, gurgles and twitterings of pleasure.

Comparison of Hobbes and Al-Farabi

Reading Response 4 Sarah Zou Sep. 23. 2012 LBST 1B11 Comparison of Hobbes and Al-Farabi Human nature was one of the most controversial topics now and then. In two of the world’s greatest philosophers’ essay, they discussed their own perception of human nature. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), England’s political philosopher, who discussed his view on the degeneration of human nature in his book, Leviathan, which depicted the natural state of humanity as nasty and brutish.His point of view came across many similarities as Al- Farabi (870- 950 CE) an Arab Scientist and philosopher during the Golden Age of Islam. With a group of philosopher, Al- Farabi created synthesis on Aristotelian thought and Muslin theology. His subject of interests varies from music to sociological and political issues. In his, On the Perfect State, he compared political state as a body, which the most important part of heart was the ruler. From both Hobbes and Al-Farabis’ perspective they b oth argued, in order to maintain a civil society, a form of ruling system was more than necessary.Hobbes suggested that the nature of men were equal, because everyone has different strengths that others may not posses. Al-Farabi supported this point by saying that human is not naturally perfect, they needed to be provided, and contribute to the needs of society with their strength in order to achieve perfection. And because of this equality, Hobbes stated, men needed to compete against each other or became enemies to achieve their goals. Therefore no one can be trusted because their interests might conflict and become enemies.So it was unclear that how powerful one must become to be always secured. However this theory contradicts with Al-Farabi’s statement of people in societies must co-operate and come together to supply each other. Another point Hobbes declared regarding human nature was: everyone desired to be valued, but when they were not, they damage others to get more value. Thus it was significant to sustain a form of constrain to prevent the destruction, and sustain justice in the society. Similar statement by Al-Farabi also supported Hobbes’ idea.When part of the system is out of order, the ruler or the heart of the system must remove the disorder. Consequently both essay emphasized: Even though a law system might limit certain people’s freedom, only when there was law, justice could be remained. Hobbes’ idea of peace means not only without conflict but a reliable structure to prevent conflict. By freeing men’s nature, there were no forms of government to restrain or assurance, so war appears. During a time of war, man’s security could only be coming from one’s own strength.There were neither society nor culture, only fear and danger of violent death in war. Human nature will do what they desire until they know of a law that will stop them. Only when there is law there is justice. Although Al-Farabiâ⠂¬â„¢s interpretation of a perfect society could agree to Hobbes’ law system, his idea on the qualities of a ruler differs from Hobbes’ perception of human nature. Al-Farabi described an ideal ruler had to be naturally born with leadership skills, and in the process of leading, decisions made the rulers were often relying heavily on their nature and virtue.However, Hobbes thought, virtue is not ability that inherited by man, or given by nature, with no exception to the rulers, because the rulers were human themselves, their desire were no different than others. Therefore, to maintain a civilized, justice and organized society could not only rely on the virtue of human nature, but also through a system of law to constrain some desires of people, even the leaders, to achieve an overall freedom and security for the majority.

Importance of Life Events

The Importance of Life Events Change is a part of life no one expects. Everyone’s life changes at some point and in most cases at many points. Life is full of obstacles and challenges but it’s the choices you make that change the course of your life. People learn and grow from every experience they have it’s the differences in interpretation. Pregnancy is a part of life that can change peoples course in many ways. Some parents find themselves raising children by themselves, and some stuck in relationships they don’t want or have to make the tough decision on whether or not to have their child. Each chooses in some way what paths to take and each has a different out come, each will change their lives in many ways. Parenting can make people stronger, more sensitive to others or maybe make changes in jobs and free time a child is a life long experience that has its own cross roads and life decisions. Accidents happen to every one but they can have long lasting effects. A broken bone ,concussion, car accident , plain crash all these things are accidents but they can change peoples lives for ever. From morning family members or the loss of jobs all in small ways change your life, it is in the decisions they make after accidents that may change the hole course of lives. People around the person feel the repercussions to maybe its someone else’s accident they learned from it doesn’t matter life’s lessons can be hard to swallow some times but they force you to reevaluate every situation. Death is the most horrible experience for anyone involved but it gives anyone who experiences it a new look at life. The deaths of parents, siblings, friends and worse of all children, can be the most devastating part of life. It’s the choices made in death that shape the kind of person they are. They can choose to hide away and take shelter and come out with more inspiration then before, they could stay strong and brake when they least expect it or find peace and moving on and letting go. Death is a part of life that changes more the once around then the one experiencing it. Though life seems to do its own thing some times in the end it is the choices people make before, during, and after major events that can truly change the paths of our lives. People have the power to do anything, they just need to look into themselves to figure out were their trying to go. You cant dream big if you don’t do big things.

How to Make Bromocresol Green Indicator

How to Make Bromocresol Green Indicator Bromocresol green (BCG) is a triphenylmethane dye that is used as a pH indicator for titration, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and microbiological growth media. Its chemical formula is C21H14Br4O5S. The aqueous indicator is yellow below pH 3.8 and blue above pH 5.4. This is the recipe for bromocresol green pH indicator solution. Key Takeaways: Bromocresol Green Indicator Recipe Bromocresol green is a pH indicator that is yellow below pH 3.8 and blue over pH 5.4. Between pH 3.8 and 5.4 it is green.The indicator is made from bromocresol green powder dissolved in ethanol.Bromocresol green is most often used for electrophoresis, titration, and in microbial growth media. Bromocresol Green pH Indicator Ingredients 0.1 g of bromocresol greenethyl alcohol Prepare the Bromocresol Green Solution 0.1% in alcohol Dissolve 0.1 g of bromocresol green in 75 mL of ethyl alcohol.Dilute the solution with ethyl alcohol to make 100 ml. 0.04% aqueous Dissolve 0.04 g of bromocresol green in 50 mL of deionized water.Dilute the solution with water to make 100 ml. While bromocresol green is usually dissolved in ethanol or water, the dye is also soluble in benzene and diethyl ether. Safety Information Contact with bromocresol green powder or indicator solution may cause irritation. Contact with skin and mucous membranes should be avoided. Sources Kolthoff, I.M. (1959). Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc. New York.Sabnis, R. W. (2008).  Handbook of Acid-Base Indicators. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.